Laura Dugan (Ph.D. 1999, Carnegie Mellon University) is Ralph D. Mershon Professor of Human Security and Professor of Sociology at The Ohio State University. Her broader research is motivated by the question of how leaders can reduce or enhance the risk of violence and other types of insecurities due to extremist ideologies and hateful intent. As such, key questions she addresses are whether criminal justice efforts to deter biased motivate crimes produce similar effects when the perpetrator is motivated by ideology or hateful biases.